The purpose of this section is to provide an initial inventory of the operational Near Real Time (NRT) and Multi Year (MY) systems operating at international level. Details about the specific system, resolution, implemented circulation model, and data assimilation are provided in the following lists, along with the observations used for assimilation and assessment, summary of the main offered product catalogue and, where existing, the website address to directly link to systems products and other relevant information.
CHAPTER
COORDINATORS
COORDINATORS
Stefania Ciliberti
5.9
Inventories
5.9.1
Inventory of operational global to regional to coastal to local forecasting systems
The present state-of-the-art operational systems for NRT products from global to local scale is presented in Table 5.2. This proposed inventory has been prepared in collaboration with the Coastal and Shelf Seas (COSS-TT) Working Group, one of the OceanPredict Task Teams. An evolutive list of Regional/Coastal Ocean Forecasting Systems (R/COFS) is maintained by the COSS-TT in the System Information Table (SIT) (latest version available at 🔗10). Due to the shorter lifespan and more frequent updates in coastal systems compared to global and basin-scale systems, the SIT is frequently refreshed and then please refer to the latest online version for up-to-date information. In addition to operational/NRT systems, the online SIT contains also tools (e.g. used for applications, crisis-time scenarios, etc.), research and pre-operational models, etc.
Table 5.2. Initial inventory of global (G) to regional (R) to coastal (C) to local (L) operational forecasting systems.
| Scale | System | Area | Resolution | Circulation model | Data used for assimilation and assessment | Downscaling /nesting | Products | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | OceanMAPS, BLUElink (Bureau of Meteorology) | Global ocean | 0.1 degree grid spacing at the Australia region | MOM4 | BODAS is an ensemble optimal interpolation system used to assimilate available in-situ and satellite obs. | N/A | Daily T, S, SSH and UV | https://research.csiro.au/bluelink/global/forecast/ |
| G | CONCEPTS GIOPS (Government of Canada) | Global ocean | 1/4° horizontal resolution | NEMO | SEEK scheme, using INS, SLA, SST obs. | N/A | Daily 10-days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, sea ice concentration | https://science.gc.ca/site/science/en/concepts/prediction-systems/global-ice-ocean-prediction-system-giops |
| G | ECCO: Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean | Global ocean | The horizontal resolution varies spatially from 22 km to 110 km | MITgcm | Assimilation of INS, SLA, SST obs. | N/A | Daily forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, fluxes, sea ice | https://ecco-group.org/products-ECCO-V4r4.htm |
| G | FOAM: Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model system | Global ocean | 1/4° horizontal resolution | NEMO | NEMOVAR (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SLA, SST obs | N/A | Daily mean, analysis and five-day forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, sea ice | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/ocean-forecasting |
| G | NAVOCEANO, the US Naval Oceanographic Office (US) | Global ocean | 1/12° horizontal resolution | HYCOM | Hybrid data assimilation scheme | N/A | Daily forecast for ocean fields | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/ocean-forecasting |
| G | INCOIS, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Service | Global ocean | horizontal resolution at 1/4° with 40 vertical sigma levels | ROMS | N/A | N/A | Daily 5 days forecast for surface UV, SST, MLD, waves and winds | https://incois.gov.in/ |
| G | GOFS16 CMCC Global Ocean Forecasting System | Global ocean | 1/16° horizontal resolution and 98 vertical levels | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SL, SST, SICE obs | N/A | Daily analysis and 7 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, sea ice | https://gofs.cmcc.it/ |
| G | Global MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (MOI, France) | Global ocean | 1/12° horizontal resolution and 50 vertical levels | NEMO | SAM2 (SEEK scheme) using INS, SLA, SST obs. | N/A | Daily analysis and 10 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, sea ice | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| G/R | MOVE/MRI.COMJPN (MRI, Japan) | Global, North Pacific, Japan | Double nested system consisting of global (GLB), North Pacific (NP) and Japan area (JPN) models Ocean model : MRI. COM with resolutions: (JPN) 1/33° x 1/50°, 60 levels; (NP) 1/11° x 1/10°, 60 levels; (GLB) 1°x1/2° (tripolar), 60 levels | MRI.COM | 4DVAR (applied to a reduced grid version of NP model). Assessment: Tide gauge, In-situ observations (buoy, T-S profiles), HF radars, satellite (SST, SSH, sea ice concentration), volume transport at repeated hydrographic sections. | Downscaling: one/twoway nesting with IAU initialization | Real time monitoring and prediction, reanalysis of: T, S, UV, SSH, sea ice concentration, tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) | https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/products/elnino/ |
| R | Arctic MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (NERSC, Norway) | Arctic Region | 12.5 km at the North Pole | HYCOM | EnKF assimilation scheme using INS, SLA, SST and SICE obs. | N/A | Daily analysis and 10 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, sea ice | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Baltic MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (SHMI, Sweden) | Baltic Sea | 0.028 degrees x 0.017 degrees in horizontal and 56 levels | NEMO | PDAF LESTKF univariate for SST | 1-way nested into NWS-MFC Copernicus Marine Service regional product | Daily analysis and 6 days forecast for T, S, SSH, MLD, UV | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Mediterranean Sea MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (CMCC, Italy) | Mediterranean Sea | 1/24° in horizontal and 141 vertical levels, 2-way coupled to WW3 wave model | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SL, SST obs | 1-way nested into GLO-MFC Copernicus Marine Service (1/12°, 50 vertical levels) | Analysis and 10 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, MLD, fluxes, sea icea | https://marine.copernicus.eu, https://medfs.cmcc.it/ |
| R | Irish-Biscay-Iberian shelves MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (Mercator Ocean International, France / Spain) | Irish-Biscay-Iberian shelves | 1/36° in horizontal and 50 vertical levels | NEMO | SEEK scheme, using INS, SL, SST obs. | 1-way nested into GLO-MFC Copernicus Marine Service (1/12°, 50 vertical levels) | Analysis and 5 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, MLD | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | North-West shelf MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (Met Office, UK) | European North-West shelf Seas | 1.5 km in horizontal and 51 hybrid s-sigma terrain-following coordinates on the vertical | NEMO | NEMOVAR (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SL, SST obs | 1-way nested into Met Office FOAM NATL (1/12°; 6 hourly fields) and Baltic Sea physics by Copernicus Marine Service (2 km, 1 hourly fields) | Analysis and 5 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, MLD | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Black Sea MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (CMCC, Italy) | Black Sea | 1/40° in horizontal and 121 vertical levels | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SL, SST obs. | Lateral open boundary conditions from the Unstructured Turkish Straits System (U-TSS, Ilicak et al. 2021) | Analysis and 10 days forecast for T, S, SSH, UV, MLD | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | High Resolution Data Assimilative Model for Coastal and Shelf Seas around China (Institute of Atmospheric Physics/Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) | Northwest Pacific, coastal seas around China | Assessment: SST, SLA, temperature, buoys, ship cruises | 2-way nesting | Daily averaged 3-D fields of UV, T, S | |||
| R/C | MARC: Modelling and Analyses for Coastal Research and ILICO: Coastal Ocean and Nearshore Observation Research Infrastructure (Ifremer, France) | Bay of Biscay / English Channel / Northwestern Mediterranean Sea | 2.5 km horizontal resolution and 40 levels | MARS3D | SST, HF Radar (sea state + currents), Moored buoys (T,S) | Spectral nudging, oneway nesting using GLO-MFC products and 2D models for tides | 1 hr output in Bay of Biscay, 3 hr output in Mediterranean Sea, HF observations (20min) | MARC: https://marc.ifremer.fr/ ILICO: https://www.ir-ilico.fr/en |
| R/C | SOMISANA (SAEON/DFFE, South Africa) | Algoa Bay, south coast, South Africa | Horizontal grid that decreases from ~3km at the edges to 500 m within the bay | CROCO | No DA. Assessment is based on Underwater Temperature Recorder (UTR) and ADCP data | 1-way nested into GLO-PHY (1/12°, 50 vertical levels) | SSH, 3D T, S and UV, trajectories from hypothetical oil spills | http://ocimstest.ocean.gov.za/aloga_bay_model |
| R/C | CNAPS Coupled Northwest Atlantic Prediction System (North Carolina State University, USA) | Northwest Atlantic coast ocean, including the entire east coast of U.S., the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean seas | Horizontal resolution < 7 km | ROMS | HF Radar, buoy, ship, satellite observations | 1-way nesting with Mercator Ocean GLOPHY; Global HyCOM; WWIII | Daily nowcast and 3-day forecast for UV, T, S, ocean waves and atmospheric variables | http://omgsrv1.meas.ncsu.edu:8080/CNAPS/ |
| R/C | REMO Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center, Brazil) | Region between latitudes 35.5°S and 7°N and longitude 20°W to the Brazilian coast | 2 grids, at 1/12° and 1/24° horizontal resolutions for the eastern, southeastern and southern regions | HYCOM | The system assimilates vertical profiles of temperature (T) and salinity (S) from the ARGO system, XBTs, CTDs, Sea Level Anomaly, SST; assessment using AVISO SL, SST, INS | TPXO 7.1 for tides; one-way nesting from the 1/12° resolution to the 1/24° resolution grid | 4-day forecasts (T, UV and SSH) at 6-hour intervals updated daily on 2 different grids | https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/dados-do-smm-modelagem-numerica-tela-de-chamada |
| R/C | DREAMS: Data assimilation Research of the East Asian Marine System (RIAM, Kyushu University, Japan) | Northwestern Pacific with focus on marginal seas | DREAMS_marginal seas model at ~7.4km horizontal resolution. Coastal models at ~1.5km along the Japan Sea coast nested in DREAMS_ marginal seas model | RIAM | Assessment: Volume transport through the Tsushima Strait, U, V and T measurements by fishing vessels | OBC from climatological run | T, S, U, V, sea level, mixed layer depth, density | https://dreams-c1.riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/vwp/ |
| R to L | BSH Operational Model System (BSH, Germany) | North and Baltic Sea, German coastal waters | Horizontal resolution is 3 km for the North and Baltic Sea, 0.5 km for German coastal waters | HBM | Assimilation with PDAF scheme using AVHRR SST/ Sentinel-3 SST and validation using Copernicus Marine Service data | 2-way nesting among regional and coastal models | 120-hour forecast from 0 and 12 UTC and a 78-hour forecast from 6 and 18 UTC; water level, T, S, UV, ice products and biogeochemical variables | https://www.bsh.de/EN/DATA/Predictions/predictions_node.html |
| R to L | COSYNA | North Sea, German Bight, German Wadden Sea | 3 nested models: i) North Sea Baltic Sea model (5 km), ii) German Bight model (1 km, varying unstructured-grid, 1km), iii) Estuarine model (varying unstructured-grid, 20-200 m) | GETM | Assessment with independent ADCP observations, FerryBox data, dedicated profile measurements, intercomparison with products from other operational systems | MyOcean ECOOP, OSTIA, MERIS color data Downscaling using 3 different grids | Surface UV, T, S, suspended matter, wind wave characteristics in the German Bight | http://codm.hzg.de/codm/ |
| C | PCOMS: Portuguese Coastal Operational Modelling System (MARETEC, Portugal) | Western Iberia region and subregions | 5.6 km in horizontal and 50 vertical layers | MOHID 3D | N/A | 1-way nesting into Mercator-Ocean PSY2V4 in the North Atlantic; tidal levels computed by a 2D version of MOHID, forced by FES2004, running on a wider region. Climatological profiles from WOA09 for nutrients. | Hindcasts and 3-day forecasts of SSH and 3D UV, T, S and biogeochemical model | http://forecast.maretec.org/ |
| C | SANIFS (CMCC, Italy) | Southern Adriatic Northern Ionian coastal Forecasting System | Horizontal resolution from 3 km in open-sea to 100-20 m in coastal areas | SHYFEM | No DA. Assessment using available observations from Copernicus Marine Service, EMODnet and national observing network | 1-way nesting using the Copernicus Marine Service Mediterranean MFC regional forecast products (at 1/24°) | Short term forecast (3 days) of SSH, 3D UV, T, S | https://adri.cmcc.it/ |
| C/L | SAMOA (Puertos del Estado, Spain) | Regional areas at ~ 2 km resolution; model applications consist of 2 nested regular grids with spatial resolution of ~350 m and ~70 m for the coastal and harbour domains | Regional areas at ~ 2 km resolution; model applications consist of 2 nested regular grids with spatial resolution of ~350 m and ~70 m for the coastal and harbour domains | ROMS | No DA. Assessment using in-situ obs. from mooring buoys, ADCPs, tide gauges and drifter buoys; SST satellite data and surface currents from HF radar | 1-way nesting using the IBI-MFC Regional Forecast products (at 1/36°) | Daily operational short-term (+72h) metocean forecast | http://opendap.puertos.es/thredds/catalog.html ; https://www.puertos.es/es-es/proyectos/Paginas/SAMOA.aspx |
| C/L | NYHOPS: New York Harbor Observation and Prediction System (Jupiter Intelligence, USA) | New York and East Coast of US | 7.5 km at the open ocean boundary to less than 50 m | POM | N/A | Offshore boundary tides, surges, waves. Real time data from Ntl Ocean Service, Adv. Hydrologic Prediction Service, Ntl. Climatic Data Center. | 72 hr forecasts, nowcasts, 24 hr hindcasts initiated every 6 hrs; Variables: SSH, T, S, UV, winds, coastal waves - height, period and direction, biogeochemical variables | https://hudson.dl.stevens-tech.edu/maritimeforecast/index.shtml |
| C/L | SWITCH – Georgia Coasts (CMCC / GeorgiaTech, Italy / USA) | Georgia coast, US | 1km in open ocean to 100m in coastal areas to 10m in the rivers | SHYFEM | No DA, assessment is based on tide gauges at coast and along rivers | 1-way nested into GLO-PHY (1/12°, 50 vertical levels) | 3-days forecast for SSH, 3D UV, T, S | https://savannah.cmcc.it |
| L | Tagus Mouth operational model (MARETEC / IST, Portugal) | Tagus Estuary and Mouth region | Variable horizontal resolution, ranging from 2 km off the coast up to 400 m inside the estuary, 50 layers in the vertical | MOHID 3D | No DA. Assessment: Argo and buoys data from IBI-ROOS and the Portuguese hydrographic institute, satellite images (ODYSSEA, Ocean Colour and HF radar) | 1-way nesting using the PCOMS | Hindcasts and 3-day forecasts of SSH and 3D UV, T, S and biogeochemical model | http://forecast.maretec.org/maps_tagusmouth.asp |
5.9.2
Inventory of multi-year systems
Starting from the list in Balmaseda et al. 2015, an initial inventory of state-of-the-art MY systems has been prepared (Table 5.3). As in Table 5.2, for each system is provided scale (from global to regional), resolution, models, and providers, as well as relevant links to web pages that the reader may consult for further details.
Table 5.3. Initial inventory of global (G) to regional (R) to coastal (C) to local (L) multi-year systems.
| Scale | System | Area | Resolution | Circulation model | Data used for assimilation and assessment | Downscaling /nesting | Products | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | CFSR by the Climate Prediction Center | Global Ocean | ~ 38 km horizontal resolution and 64 vertical levels | MOM4 | 3D-Var scheme for the assimilation of SST, INS, SICE obs. | N/A | 1979-2010 | https://rda.ucar.edu/lookfordata/ |
| G | C-GLORS by the Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation | Global Ocean | 1/4° horizontal resolution and 50 to 75 levels | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SLA, SST and SICE obs. | N/A | 1990-2016 | http://c-glors.cmcc.it/index/index.html |
| G | ECCO by JPL-NASA | Global Ocean | The horizontal resolution varies spatially from 22 km to 110 km | MitGCM | 4D-Var scheme for the assimilation of SLA, SST and INS obs. | N/A | 1992-2017 | https://www.ecco-group.org/ |
| G | GECCO by University of Hamburg | Global Ocean | MitGCM | 4D-Var scheme for the assimilation of SLA, SST and INS obs | N/A | 1948-2018 | https://www.ecco-group.org/ | |
| G | ECDA by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory | Global Ocean | 1° horizontal resolution and 50 vertical levels | MOM4 | EnKF scheme using INS, SST and SLA obs. | N/A | Integration for the 20th Century | http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-data-assimilation |
| G | GloSea5 (UK MetOffice, UK) | Global Ocean | 1/4° horizontal resolution and 75 levels | NEMO | 3D-Var scheme using SLA, SST, INS and SICE obs. | N/A | 1993-2015 | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/ |
| G | K7-ODA (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) | Global Ocean | 1° horizontal resolution and 45 levels | MOM3 | 4D-Var adjont method for the assimilation of INS, SLA, SST obs. | N/A | 1957-2009 | https://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/estoc/e/ |
| G | PEODAS (Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research - Bureau of Meteorology) | Global Ocean | 1° x 2° horizontal resolution | MOM2 | EnKF for the assimilation of INS and SST obs. | N/A | 2000-2010 | https://www.cawcr.gov.au/ |
| G | ORAS5 (ECMWF, UK) | Global Ocean | 1° horizontal resolution | NEMO | 3D-Var scheme using SLA, INS and SST obs. | N/A | 1979-present | https://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/climate-reanalysis/ocean-reanalysis |
| G | MOVE-C RA (Japan Meteorological Agency | Global Ocean | 1° horizontal resolution | MRI.COM2 | 3D-Var scheme using SLA, INS and SST obs. | N/A | 1950-2011 | https://www.mri-jma.go.jp/ |
| G | SODA (National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, US) | Global Ocean | 1/4° horizontal resolution | POP2.1 | OI for INS and SST obs. | N/A | 1869-2010 | https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/soda-simple-ocean-data-assimilation |
| G | Global Ocean MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (MOI, France) | Global Ocean | 1/12° horizontal resolution, 50 vertical levels | NEMO | Reduced-order Kalman filter for assimilating SLA, SST, INS and SICE obs. | N/A | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Arctic MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (NERSC, Norway) | Arctic Region | 12.5 km horizontal resolution and 12 levels | HYCOM | 1993-2019 | N/A | 1991-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Baltic MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (SHMI, Sweden) | Baltic Sea | 0.05556 degrees x 0.03333 degrees horizontal resolution and 56 vertical levels | NEMO | LSEIK data assimilation scheme | At the lateral boundaries in the western English Channel and along the Scotland-Norway boundary, the sea levels are prescribed using a coarse (24 nautical miles resolution) storm-surge model called NOAMOD (North Atlantic Model). Climatological monthly mean values of salinity and temperature are used at the boundary, and it is assumed there is no sea ice | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | North-West shelf MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (Met Office, UK) | North West Shelf Seas | 7 km horizontal resolution and 24 vertical levels | NEMO | NEMOVAR (3D-Var scheme) using SST and INS obs. | 1-way nested into the Global Ocean MFC and Baltic MFC reanalysis products | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Irish-Biscay-Iberian shelves MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (Puertos del Estado, Spain) | Irish-Biscay-Iberian shelves | 1/12° horizontal resolution | NEMO | SEEK scheme, using INS, SL, SST obs. | 1-way nested into the Global Ocean MFC reanalysis product at 1/4° horizontal resolution | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Mediterranean Sea MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (CMCC, Italy) | Mediterranean Sea | 1/24° in horizontal and 141 vertical levels | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SLA, SST obs. | 1-way nested into C-GLORS | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
| R | Black Sea MFC by Copernicus Marine Service (CMCC, Italy) | Black Sea | 3 km horizontal resolution and 31 vertical levels | NEMO | OceanVar (3D-Var scheme) using INS, SLA, SST obs. | N/A | 1993-2019 | https://marine.copernicus.eu |
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