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Chapter 5

Circulation modelling

CHAPTER
COORDINATORS
Stefania Ciliberti
CHAPTER
AUTHORS
Nadia Ayoub, Jérôme Chanut, Mauro Cirano13, Anne Delamarche, Pierre De Mey-Frémaux, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Helene Hewitt, Simona Masina, Clemente Tanajura, Vassilios Vervatis, and Liying Wan

5.3 Input data

Elements needed to run a circulation model for operational forecasting:

  • Observations. These are used for:
    • Validation (including forecast verification) and calibration, further described in Section 5.7;
    • Data assimilation, which basic concepts are introduced in Section 5.5; 
  • Sources of observations are:
    • In-situ observations for the following variables: temperature, salinity, sea surface height, and sea surface currents. See Section 4.2.2. for more information on in-situ ocean observations;
    • Satellite observations for the following list of variables: sea level anomaly, sea surface temperature, and sea ice concentration. Recently, other parameters such as sea surface salinity and sea ice thickness have been remotely measured. See Section 4.2.2. for more information on in-situ ocean observations.
       
  • Bathymetry. It is an indispensable topographical information for an Ocean Circulation Forecasting System. Its resolution may significantly drive the modeller during the setup of the circulation model to address specific scales and resolution. For example, in coastal models we may need bathymetric datasets, whose resolution can be even lowerthan 100 m, to properly represent the physical structural peculiarities of both coastline and shelf area, allowing the representation of small-scale physics. See more information on bathymetric data sets in Section 4.2.4.
     
  • Atmospheric forcing. Generated by NWP services, it is vital to provide momentum, heat, and freshwater fluxes to the OOFS. More info on atmospheric forcing can be found in Section 4.2.5.
     
  • Land forcing. Provides freshwater fluxes from rivers. More details on this data source are in Section 4.2.6.
     
  • Initial and boundary conditions from other OOFS. 3D fields from parent models are required when downscaling to obtain higher resolutions (see Sections 4.2.7. and 5.4.4. for more information).
     
  • Climatological fields. These serve as complement to the other data sources or might be used to substitute the previous if no other data are available. See Section 4.2.8 for more information on climatologies.
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